Event 3: "Movement" at CNSI Art Gallery

On May 12 I visited the "Movement" gallery put on by the UCLA Art Science Undergraduate Society (this actually occurred before what is listed as my second event). The showcase focuses on movement and how it can be interpreted on various levels such as in the arts, humanities, and sciences. 

The author at the event

The piece that caught my attention the most is Crossroads: A Web of Paths by Mickey Shi. Crossroads traces the daily paths of North and South Campus students and faculty across campus. Colors represent different parts of campus; red represents North Campus while Green represents South Campus.

Crossroads: A Web of Paths by Mickey Shi

From the paths we can see a lot of movement going between both parts of the campus. Contrary to what some might think, people from both sides of campus rarely keep to themselves. In fact, there appears a hot spot for movement appears to be the region located between the two parts of campus.

The intent of Crossroads is to bridge the gap between the division seen between North and South Campus. This brings us full circle to the first concept we learned: the idea of two cultures. As shown by Crossroads, there isn't a distinctive division between the two cultures. In this case portrayed by North and South Campus. In fact, it more resembles a medium between the two - representing the existence of the sought-after third culture.

Event 2: "Making Strange: Gagawaka + Postmotem at Fowler"

On May 15 I visited the Fowler Museum to see Gagawaka + Postmortem by Vivan Sundaram. The exhibit is actually a showcase of two different sets of Sundaram's works. Gagawaka consists of pieces made from garments created using recycled materials and medical supplies as a viewpoint on fashion. Postmortem, on the other hand, consists of mannequins to portray the human body in unique ways.

The author at the exhibit

One of the Gagawaka pieces I found particularly interesting is called Floater. The garment is made of inflatable plastics and Lycra orthopedic supports. It resembles a flotation device one might find in an airplane or on a boat. To most people, these everyday objects would not be perceived as pieces that can be assembled into clothing; but Sundaram does just that. By incorporating surgical pieces, he addresses the division often associated with beauty and illness. In Floater, pieces from both worlds can come together to make a single work that satisfies characteristics of both.

Floater

In Postmortem, one piece that stood out to me is Triangular Shelf . It is made of mannequins, fiberglass body organs/anatomy samples, paint, and wood. This somewhat disturbing work addresses the fragility of the human body and how easily it can be cast away. In a world increasingly dominated by material goods, Sundaram invites us to look closer and consider the human effort and sacrifice that goes behind our desires.

Triangular Shelf

In Making Strange, Sundaram's works serve as examples of a trend that many other modern artists that involves addressing issues such as life and death, pain and pleasure, as well as beauty and illness. By incorporating everyday materials in new ways he and other artists are helping us take not and understand the issues at hand.

Event 1: Hammer Museum

I attended the exhibit titled Provocations: The Architecture and Design of Heatherwick Studio showcased inside the Hammer Museum on April 24. Inside contained works of Thomas Heatherwick for projects around the world. For each project, a question was presented that posed as the main challenge going into the work. Through these questions, Heatherwick is able to showcase his inventive approach to each challenge.

One such example is called Extrusions. The questions posed is the following: "Can you squeeze a chair out of a machine, the way you squeeze toothpaste out of a tube?" To accomplish this, the studio worked with a factory to create a straight bench with a disfigured end that resembles the behavior of squeezing a tube of toothpaste.

Extrusions

Another piece, the Large Span Rolling Bridge, explores the question of "Is it possible to make a rolling bridge long enough to span the Thames River?" The project explores being able to roll up a bridge on one side through the use of a winch and a system of cables and pulleys.

1:15 Scale Model of the Large Span Rolling Bridge

Heatherwick's works appear to initially address engineering challenges, but a second look reveals each piece's questions serves as a foundations for what ultimately is an artistic expression that challenges modern architecture as well as everyday objects. This course constantly explores the combination of art with numerous technological aspects and I would personally say Provocations represents a blend of art and civil engineering/architecture.

The author at the event

Unit 9: Space & Art

Space has long been a subject of fascination for humanity since we could look at the stars. It drove astronomers such as Copernicus to study the solar system and provide evidence that the Earth is not the center of the universe. Similarly, Galileo's interest in space spurred him to dramatically improve the design of telescopes and further advancing the field of optics.

Nicholaus Copernicus

Eventually the idea of space exploration became a topic of interest in literature long before the technology to do so existed. Jules Verne's works, such as "From the Earth to the Moon", served as inspiration for writers and inventors for many years to come.

This drive took a different form during the 20th century as it pushed both the United States and the Soviet Union into the Space Race. Space no longer became a fascination solely because it was an unknown but because it played an important role in world politics. As a result, it became a large part of popular culture that carried on beyond the Cold War.

Todd Schorr's "Verne to Vader"

Today, space has driven artists such as the International Association of Astronomical Artists to research and pursue imagery involving space. By looking at space through the years, we can see its role as inspiration for both scientists and artists alike to explore new ideas regarding the final frontier.

"Measure of a Galaxy" By Jess Artem

Bibliography
"International Association of Astronomical Artists - Space Art."International Association of Astronomical Artists - Space Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 May 2015. <http://iaaa.org/>.

"Jules Verne Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 31 May2015. <http://www.biography.com/people/jules-verne-9517579>.

Redd, Nola Taylor. "Galileo Galilei: Biography, Inventions & Other Facts | Space.com." Space.com. N.p., 8 May 2012. Web. 01 June 2015. <http://www.space.com/15589-galileo-galilei.html>.

Space Exploration and Art. Victoria Vesna YouTube. N.p., 29 Jul. 2013. Web. 31 May 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZIqTR332l8>.

"The Space Race." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 31 May 2015. <http://www.history.com/topics/space-race>.

Unit 8: NanoTech & Art

Although the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is typically though of associated with scientists studying various molecules, researchers have been able to use it to apply concepts from macroscopic environments onto the nano scale. For example, Wim L. Noorduin, a physical chemist at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, was able to create structures that look like familiar things in everyday life: vases, flowers, and leaves.

Spiral-Stemmed Carnation

At first, one would expect the creation process to involve sculpting in the same sense an artist would use. However, these objects are grown in multiple stages. Noorduin's nano-scale sculptures act as an example of how both the scientific and art worlds are adapting through developments in nanotechnology.

Another example of this is NANOBAMA created by MIT's John Hart. Using a process similar to the lithography used to create semiconductors he was able to find a creative way to merge science and popular culture.

NANOBAMA

As we can see through the emergence of nano machinery and even nano bots, nanotechnology has taken concepts from the past few centuries and brought them to a new light. Regardless of if these ideas will be treated in similar fashions as their predecessors, such as robotics, we can be certain that it will contribute to the emergence of a third culture.

Nanobots

Bibliography
"Faculty Highlight: A. John Hart." Faculty Highlight: A. John Hart. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 24 May 2015. <https://mpc-www.mit.edu/news/newsletters/may-2013/item/373-faculty-highlight-a-john-hart>.

Gravotta, Luciana. "Very Fine Art: 6 Stunningly Beautiful Nanoscale Sculptures." Scientific American Global RSS. Scientific American, 19 May 2013. Web. 24 May 2015. <https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/very-fine-art-6-stunningly-beautiful-nanoscale-sculptures-slide-show/>.

Gimzewski, Jim, and Victoria Vesna. The Nanomeme Syndrome: Blurring of Fact & Fiction in the Construction of a New Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May. 2015. <http://vv.arts.ucla.edu/publications/publications/02-03/JV_nano/JV_nano_artF5VG.htm>.

Malcolm, Chris. Art in the Age of Nanotechnology. Bentley, WA: John Curtin Gallery, 2010. Print.

Nanotech for Artists Part 3. Dr. Gimzewski. YouTube. N.p., 21 May 2012. Web. 23 May 2015. <https://youtu.be/X0HCNiU_108>.

Unit 7: Neuroscience & Art

In Giovanni Frazzetto and Suzanne Anker's "Neuroculture", we yet again see how science and art must work together to benefit society as a whole. The field of neuroscience is yet another example of how collaboration is needed between the two cultures in order for us to develop better. As outlined in "Neuroculture", the scientific community is responsible for presenting their findings while the artists take these concepts and help us understand them better.

Building on that thought, art and science cannot exist without the other. On its own, science has a hard time helping the general public become aware of discoveries. Ramon Cajal's research and illustrations regarding brain cells have served as an inspiration for artists and scientists alike.

Drawing By Ramon Cajal

Without artistic influences it is unlikely that concepts such as Brainbow, where different colors are used to track nerve cells, would have come to existence. What we know about the brain is still nowhere near complete.

Brainbow Zebrafish Embryo

Due to our limited understanding findings have the ability to strongly influence the public opinion of identity and mental well-being. This is evident in the popularity of phrenology during the 19th century. As mentioned by Frazzetto and Anker, brain "images have the power to alter conceptions of personality and identity". This places a tremendous responsibility on the shoulders of artists who can create these images through their own interpretations.
 

Artistic Illustration of Brain in Neuronal Forest

Bibliography

Artistic Illustration of Brain in Neuronal Forest. Digital image. Visual News. Visual News, 19 May 2011. Web. 16 May 2015. <http://www.visualnews.com/2011/05/19/building-the-supercomputer-brain/>.
"Brainbow." Brainbow. Center for Brain Science, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. <http://cbs.fas.harvard.edu/science/connectome-project/brainbow>.

DeFelipe, Javier, and Santiago Ramón Y Cajal. Cajal's Butterflies of the Soul: Science and Art. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.
Drawing By Ramon Cajal. Digital image. Nobel Prize Watch. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 May 2015. <https://nobelprizewatch.wordpress.com/2011/12/06/how-not-to-give-a-nobel-lecture/>.
Frazzetto, Giovanni, and Suzanne Anker. "Neuroculture." Nature Review Neuroscience 10 (2009): 815-21. Web.

Pan, Albert. Brainbow Zebrafish Embryo. Digital image. A Colorful Zebrafish. The Smithsonian Institution, 14 Jan. 2014. Web. 16 May 2015. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-colorful-zebrafish-42081312/>.

Vesna, Victoria. “Neuroscience-pt1” Lecture. Youtube, 16 May 2015. Web. 17 May 2012. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzXjNbKDkYI>.

Unit 6: BioTech & Art

An interesting point that arises is how technology finds its way into other areas. Of course there's the example of genetic engineering finding its way into the realm, but it goes further. Even trends and approaches used in technology influence this mixture of biology and art. As described in Chris Kelty's "Meanings of Participation: Outlaw Biology?", there exists this perspective of a hacker culture when it comes to biotech and art. Normally the term hacker is associated with engineers, yet the ideas are able to be applied elsewhere. Another example of this is Roger Brent and the idea of "open science" which serves as an analogy to open-source software that we see in the realm of computer science.

Genetic Engineering

The same applies in the other direction. As described by Ellen K. Levy in "Defining Life: Artists Challenge Conventional Classification" programmers have created machine code that evolves. Perhaps the applicability between concentrations shows how intertwined everything is. This can be seen in the form of what are called digital organisms, which are programs that go through process of self-replication, mutation, and adaptation through natural selection like organisms in the real world.

Black and White Digital Organism

We should keep this in mind when it comes to the relationship between biotech and art. Like other mixtures, it still revolves around similarities between biology and art to be able to explore novel ideas similar to other combinations we've studied such as robotics and art. The main reason for controversies in this specific subject revolve around the involvement of living creatures. Although this boils down to a debate regarding ethics, I believe that the intention is the same as is in other blends between the sciences and the arts.

Lab Rat

Bibliography

"BRENT LAB." BRENT LAB. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2015. <http://research.fhcrc.org/brent/en.html>.

Condliffe, Jamie. Genetic Engineering. Digital image. The Super Protein That Can Cut DNA and Revolutionize Genetic Engineering. Gizmodo, 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 10 May 2015. <http://gizmodo.com/5991488/the-super-protein-that-can-cut-dna-and-revolutionize-genetic-engineering>.

Kelty, Chris. "Meanings of Participation: Outlaw Biology?"

Kim, Yunchul. Black and White Digital Organism. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 May 2015. <http://www.khm.de/~tre/void.htm>.

Lab Rat. Digital image. My Life as a Lab Rat. Salon Media Group Inc., 24 Nov. 2011. Web. 10 May 2015. <http://www.salon.com/2011/11/24/my_life_as_a_lab_rat/>.

Lenski, Richard, Charles Ofria, Travis Collier, and Christoph Adami. "Genome Complexity, Robustness and Genetic Interactions in Digital Organisms."Nature 400 (1999): 661-64. Nature.com. Web. 10 May 2015.

Levy Ellen K. "Defining Life: Artists Challenge Conventional Classifications."

Vesna, Victoria. “Biotech Part 1.” Lecture. Youtube, 10 May. 2015. Web. 18 Sep. 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaThVnA1kyg>.

Vesna, Victoria. “Biotech Part 2.” Lecture. Youtube, 10 May. 2015. Web. 17 May 2012. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL9DBF43664EAC8BC7&t=231&v=MdSt-Hjyi2I>.

Midterm

Unit 4: Medicine, Technology, and Art

From our learning from the previous unit, we've seen how technology has made robots and other machines more prevalent in our everyday lives. Although technology is more prevalent in the form of tools and helpers, we're beginning to see an increasing association of machines and the human body.

Prosthetic limbs have been around for centuries. For a long period of time they were treated solely as attachments to help people with missing limbs to carry on with their daily tasks. For the most part, people with prosthetic limbs were looked down upon. Recently, however, artists have taken to using prosthetics as a form of art and give their subjects a form of pride .

Anatomical Leg from the Alternative Limb Project

Technology has also found itself in our lives (literally) in the form of medical implants. There are small implants, like the RFID chip Dr. Kevin Warwick had implanted in his arm, that play a rather passive role in people's lives. More recently we've started to see a mix between medical implants and prosthetics. With developments in how we study signals sent through our nerves we have created bionic arms that can be controlled by the same signals that our natural arms are.

Brain-Controlled Limb from DARPA

In her TEDx talk, Diane Gromala describes the experience that virtual reality has on our body. With retinal implants, a similar concept can be applied to allow the blind to see again. For some people, what we can distinguish as a distinct difference between art and science must be blended together in order benefit their lives.

Retinal Implants that Use a Patient's Real Eyes

Despite the fear that some people have of machines and how far they've entered today's society, the incorporation of technology with the human body acts as a strong argument against that fear. Are we less human if we have an artificial limp or have a chip injected into our arms? It is another case of making our lives easier and using our own ingenuity to improve the lives of human beings.



References
Anatomical Leg. Digital image. The Alternative Limb Project: Imaginative and Bespoke Prosthetics. N.p., 2015. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.thealternativelimbproject.com/>.

Brain-Controlled Limb from DARPA. Digital image. Popular Science. Popular Science, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-08/building-my-dream-bionic-body?image=5>.

Curative Powers of Wet, Raw Beauty. Perf. Diane Gromala. YouTube. TEDx, 7 Dec. 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRdarMz--Pw>.

"Kevin Warwick - Home Page." Kevin Warwick - Home Page. University of Reading, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.kevinwarwick.com/>.
Nosowitz, Dan. "State of the Bionic Art: The Best Replacements for My Flimsy Human Parts." Popular Science. Popular Science, 23 Aug. 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-08/building-my-dream-bionic-body?image=5>.

Retinal Implants that Use a Patient's Real Eyes. Digital image. Popular Science. Popular Science, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2015. <http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-08/building-my-dream-bionic-body?image=5>.

Vesna, Victoria. “Http://www.youtube.com/v/Ep0M2bOM9Tk.” Lecture. Medicine pt1 . Youtube, 25 Apr. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ep0M2bOM9Tk>.

Vesna, Victoria. “Http://www.youtube.com/v/psjnQarHOqQ.” Lecture. Medicine pt2 . Youtube, 25 Apr. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psjnQarHOqQ>.

Vesna, Victoria. “Http://www.youtube.com/v/FIX-9mXd3Y4.” Lecture. Medicine pt3. Youtube, 25 Apr. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIX-9mXd3Y4>.

Unit 3: Robotics & Art

Ever since the invention of the movable type, literature and art have been made easily available to the masses. Through the industrial revolution, machinery found more and more ways into everyday life. Although convenience was greatly improved, technological advancements in technical reproduction inadvertently introduced the concern of preserving uniqueness. As pointed out in Walter Benjamin's The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, "The presence of the original is the prerequisite to the concept of authenticity". For art, even though there may exist an "original", reproductions in the form of copies may decrease how special viewing a piece is. Instead of enjoying a minute details of the brushstrokes of a painting modern viewers may be satisfied by looking at a digital print of the same work.

Fine Art Giclee Print on Moab Entrada Paper vs. Original Watercolour on Strathmore cold press Paper

A relationship between advancement and authenticity can also present itself when we look at robotics - although it happens from a different perspective. As mentioned in the lectures, we've seen a movement towards robots that take on the semblance of living things. Whether it's humanoids or hexapods, humans are creating machines than resemble less and less the machines that normally come to mind.

Humanoid Robot

One example of this is Big Dog, created by Boston Dynamics. Although it is a large robot featuring sophisticated control systems, it is still built to resemble's man's best friend. The combination of a robot that helps humans (in this case, to carry heavy equipment) that is designed in a form we are all familiar with also shows how we are moving towards a greater fusion between technology and art.

Big Dog

References

Benjamin, Walter, and J. A. Underwood. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. London: Penguin, 2008. Print.

Big Dog. Digital image. Boston Dynamics: Dedicated to the Science and Art of How Things Move. Boston Dynamics, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2015. <http://www.bostondynamics.com/>.

"Boston Dynamics: Dedicated to the Science and Art of How Things Move." Boston Dynamics: Dedicated to the Science and Art of How Things Move. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. <http://www.bostondynamics.com/robot_bigdog.html>.

Davis, Douglas. "The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Reproduction." Leonardo 28.5 (1995): 381-86. Print.

Duncan, Braden. Fine Art Giclee Print on Moab Entrada Paper vs. Original Watercolour on Strathmore Cold Press Paper. Digital image. Art Scene Seattle. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2015. <http://art-scene-seattle.blogspot.com/2012/11/bfa-classiest-fine-art-scanning.html>.

Humanoid Robot. Digital image. Beach News. Beach News, 13 Feb. 2015. Web. 18 Apr. 2015. <http://beach-news.com/interview-humanoid-robot/>.

"Micromagic Systems Robotics Lab." Micromagic Systems Robotics Lab. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2015. <http://www.hexapodrobot.com/index.html>.

Norman, Jeremy. "From Gutenberg’s Movable Type to the Digital Book, and Other Studies in the History of Media." Relating the Rapidly Changing Present to the Distant Past as Far as Book History Is Concerned. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2015. <http://Fwww.historyofinformation.com/Fnarrative/Findex.php>.

Unit 2: Math + Art

Through the advancements and increased availability of technology, we have seen a move away two distinct cultures towards one where the fields of art and science have become intermingled. Even though the two disciplines seem to have completely different backgrounds, they manage to converge towards the same ideas.

As highlighted by American artist Tony Robbin, "[w]e are not in the least surprised, however, to find physicists and mathematicians working simultaneously on... a four dimensional space" (Henderson, 209). Although their reasoning and uses may be different, artists and scientists can be fascinated and driven to explore the same subject. On one hand, scientists use the fourth dimension to explain how the physics of the universe while artists are able to use it to represent new ways of thinking (as is the case with Edwin Abbott and his work Flatland).

Flatland by Edwin Abbott

Examples can be found everywhere. The Mobius Strip, which started off as a mathematical concept of a single-sided surface, has been used both as a model in engineering as well as a focus in art. On one hand, it is a basis for designs of conveyor belts and circuit elements while on the other hand it is a subject of exploration for artists like M.C. Escher.

Mobius Strip II (Red Ants)  

Another example, and perhaps one that interests me more, is the subject of fractal geometry. With the help of technology, artists are able to create works that would not have been possible 50 years ago. At the same time, fractal geometry, found in modern-day antennas, are what enable our cell phones to be small yet powerful.

Fractal Art

People in the fields of arts and sciences are constantly finding new ways to take concepts in math and use them in their own terms. Considering what's already been done I'm curious on what we will see next.


References
Abbott, Edwin Abbott. Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1963. Print.

"African Fractals." African Fractals. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. <http://www.ccd.rpi.edu/Eglash/csdt/african/African_Fractals/>.

Escher, M. C. Mobius Strip II (Red Ants). Digital image. The Mathematic Art of M.C. Escher. Platonic Realms, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. <http://platonicrealms.com/minitexts/Mathematical-Art-Of-M-C-Escher/>.

Fractal Art Wallpaper. Digital image. Fractal Art Wallpaper HD. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. <http://galleryhip.com/fractal-art-wallpaper-hd.html>.

Henderson, Linda D. "The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art: Conclusion." Leonardo 17.3 (1984): 205-10. Web.

"The Fourth Dimension." The Fourth Dimension. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. <http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/cl/tb4d.htm>.

"The Mathematical Art of M.C. Escher." The Mathematical Art of M.C. Escher. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. <http://platonicrealms.com/minitexts/Mathematical-Art-Of-M-C-Escher/>.

Unit 1: Two Cultures

In "The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution", C.P. Snow describes the idea of how intellectuals are split into two very different camps: the humanities and the sciences. Although Snow presented his ideas over 50 years ago, we can still see the divide created between these two cultures.
Looking at our campus here at UCLA, the existence of a North and South campus serves as a prominent example of two cultures. Both schools of thought mentally isolated from one another -- they are physically separated based on the geographical locations of their buildings. The difference between North and South Campus has evolved to the stage where both sides have jokes about the other and even their own shirts.

UCLA Main Campus Map

Today, the setting is much different compared to the 1950s and 60s. Although examples for the two cultures exist, we are gradually moving towards a compromise between the two as the world becomes more intermingled. As mentioned by Victoria Vesna in "Toward a Third Culture: Being in Between", technology has enabled artists to build a bridge between them and their scientist counterparts. These influences can be seen movements such as STEM to STEAM, where supporters (including the Rhode Island School of Design) call for the association of art and design with science, technology, math and engineering. 

STEM-TO-STEAM Movement Led By RISD’s John Maeda

As an engineering student, I would fall in the scientific category of the two cultures. My sister, who studies art, would on the other hand fall into the artist category. Do our different thought perspectives reflect our respective "cultures"? Sure. Does it create a divide between us or act as reason for us to be able unable to understand each other? I wouldn't say so.

Engineering IV Building

Citations

Engineering IV Building. Digital image. UCLA Energy & Propulsion Research Laboratory :: Facilities. UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering & Applied Science, n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2015. <http://seas.ucla.edu/combustion/facilities/index.html>.

Map of the UCLA Main Campus. Digital image. UCLA - Earth Planetary and Space Sciences. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2015. <http://epss.ucla.edu/directions/map/>.

McCormick, Tim. STEM-TO-STEAM Movement Led By RISD’s John Maeda. Digital image. Tim McCormick. N.p., 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 05 Apr. 2015. <http://tjm.org/2012/12/20/public-library-of-humanities-envisioning-a-new-open-access-platform/stem-to-steam/>.

Snow, C. P. The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. New York: Cambridge UP, 1959. Print.

"STEM to STEAM." STEM to STEAM. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2015. <http://stemtosteam.org/>.

Vesna, Victoria. "Toward a Third Culture: Being in Between." Leonardo 34 (2001): 121-25. Print.